Encoding information: binary, conversion between bases, and encoding data
Modular arithmetic, cyphers, and encryption
Modelling systems of change: sequences and discrete dynamical systems
Finite state machines, Turing machines, and string rewriting
Computational complexity, summation and time functions
Boolean logic, truth tables, and formal proof
Sets, set operations, mathematical objects in set theory
Predicates, quantifiers, and set comprehension
Graphs and combinatorial algorithms
Modelling uncertainty, events, Kolmogorov axioms
Describing and modelling real-world data
Hypothesis testing and inference